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ADVANTAGES OF EGGSHELL CALCIUMWhy is calcium Important? The National Institutes of Health Development Conference on Optimal Calcium Intake (1994) addressed key issues regarding calcium intake. Adequate calcium intake is very important to achieve optimal bone mass and to help restore bone mass lost during aging. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development on Osteoporosis in 1984 first suggested that increased intake of calcium might help prevent osteoporosis. This Panel reported that osteoporosis affected more than 25 million people in the U.S. and was the major cause of bone fractures in postmenopausal and elderly women. The most recent NIH Consensus Panel of Development of Osteoporosis was held in 2000. This Panel reported that estimated treatment costs for osteoporotic fractures are between $10 billion and $15 billion annually. These figures do not include indirect costs such as lost wages or reduced productivity.
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What is the Best Way to Achieve Optimal Calcium Intake? The NIH Consensus Panel on Optimal Calcium Intake stated that the best way to attain optimal calcium is though dietary sources, particularly dairy products. Other good sources include green vegetables and even breads and cereal. However, as discussed above most young adults and only about 50% of the adult population consume enough calcium from dietary sources to meet recommended levels. While the preferred source for calcium is dietary, calcium supplements must make up the difference for people to meet the recommended calcium intake levels. All calcium supplements are not the same and differences in chemical composition, intestinal absorption rates, and transport affect bioavailability. What Factors Affect Calcium Absorption into Bone? There is no doubt that calcium intake is essential to grow and maintain bone mass and that calcium supplements are important. However there area a number of factors that affect calcium absorption into bone. Overall calcium absorption into bone will be affected by the quantity of elemental bone in the supplement, intestinal absorption (digestibility), loss from urinary excretion, and transport to bone and incorporation into bone matrix. For example, optimal absorption into bone requires vitamin D. In the absence of vitamin D only 10% of dietary calcium is absorbed. Supplementation of vitamin D intake to provide 600-800 IU/day has been shown to improve calcium balance and reduce fractures. The inclusion of vitamin D in any calcium supplement is important. Why is Eggshell Calcium the Better Source of Calcium?As discussed above, eggshell calcium absorption into bone depends on the amount of elemental calcium being delivered, the ability of the calcium source to be digested, the true intake of calcium (after excretion), and facilitated transport of calcium to bone matrix. Eggshell calcium is unique in that is has a high elemental calcium level of 36-37% (500mg of eggshell will provide about 180mg of elemental calcium), it is more digestible than calcium carbonate (Schaafsma and Beelen, 1999) and has a high retention after excretion (>93%, Bao et.al. 1997). In addition, chicken eggshells have recently been found to contain inherent, low molecular weight proteins that enhance the transport of calcium across human intestinal epithelial cells (Daengprok.et.al.2003). This means that the transport of eggshell calcium across the intestinal wall may be superior to other calcium sources. The data also supports the results from Schaafsma and Beelen showing the high digestibility of eggshell calcium. Schaafsma, et.al, recently reported the effects of chicken eggshell calcium on bone mineral density. (2002). Healthy late postmenopausal women were give dietary supplements of either calcium carbonate or eggshell calcium. Both sources were supplemented with minerals and vitamins. After 12-months of supplementation, women given eggshell calcium demonstrated a significant increase in bone mineral density in the femoral neck bone. Similar supplementation with calcium carbonate resulted in a significant decrease in bone mineral density in the femoral neck bone. This data suggests that supplementation with vitamin and mineral enriched chicken eggshell may increase bone mineral density in the hip. References: National Institutes of Health Consensus Panel on Optimal Calcium Intake, NIH Consensus Statement, Volume 12, No 4, June 6-8,1994 NIH Consensus Panel of Development of Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy. JAMA. 2001; 285:785-795 Bao, SF, Windisch, W, and Kirchgessner, M. Calcium bioavailability of different organic dietary sources (citrate lactate, acetate, oyster-shell, eggshell, calcium phosphate). J. Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 1997;78:154-160 Daengprok, W, Garnjanagoonchorn, W, Naivikul, O, Pornsinlpatip, P, Issigonism K, and Mine, Y, Chicken eggshell matrix proteins enhance calcium transport in the human intestinal epithelial cells, Caco-2. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003; 51:6056-6061 Schaafsam, A and Beelen, G. Eggshell powder, a comparable or better source of calcium than purified calcium carbonate: piglet studies. J. Science Food and Agriculture. 1999; 79:1569-1600 Schaafsma, A, Doormaal, JJ, Muskiet, FA, Hofstede, GJ, Pakan, I, and van der Veer, E. Positive effects of a chicken eggshell powder-enriched vitamin-mineral supplement on femoral neck bone mineral density in healthy late post-menopausal Dutch women. Br. J. Nutr. 2002; 87:267-275 Membrell , LLC files
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